Implementation burden
Comprehensive lifecycle requirements:
- Substantial upfront methodology adoption.
- TARA depth varies; ceremonial implementations common.
- Smaller tier-N suppliers face disproportionate burden.
AI / ML treatment limited
2021 publication predates current AI / autonomous-vehicle wave:
- AI-specific threats not deeply addressed.
- Adversarial ML, prompt injection partially covered.
- Updates expected; current state lighter.
Software-defined vehicle dynamics
SDV trends (OTA updates, continuous integration, software-feature evolution) outpace standard:
- Frequent updates vs lifecycle-phase model.
- Continuous TARA needed.
- Software composition changes complicate.
OEM-supplier interface complexity
Distributed cybersecurity activities:
- Cybersecurity interface agreements often weak.
- Information sharing imperfect.
- Joint TARA quality varies.
Counterpoint
- Genuinely fills vehicle product cybersecurity gap.
- UN R155 implementation path makes standard load-bearing.
- TARA methodology useful regardless of cert.
- Industry adoption broad.